The Hagia Sophia: A History of Faith and Power in Istanbul
Updated: Mar 31
For nearly a thousand years, the Hagia Sophia served as the primary cathedral of the Eastern Orthodox Church and was considered the largest and most important church in the Christian world. Its grandeur, elaborate mosaics, and architectural brilliance were, and still are, absolutely awe-inspiring.
In 1453, the city of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) was conquered by the Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Mehmed II. The Hagia Sophia was then converted into a mosque, and various modifications were made to adapt it to Islamic worship. Minarets were added, and some of the Christian mosaics were covered or removed.
The Hagia Sophia has been recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985. It is considered a masterpiece of architecture and engineering that represents the fusion of Byzantine and Ottoman cultural influences.
The Hagia Sophia continues to be an iconic symbol of Istanbul, bearing witness to centuries of cultural and religious shifts while standing as a testament to human architectural achievement.
Read on for our Hagia Sophia highlights, its history, and important information such as how to find it, entry requirements, opening times and more. Plus some exclusive offers from Klook, and our special Istanbul Day Trip (and Hagia Sophia) YouTube video.
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Enjoy the best of Istanbul with Klook
● Discover the wonders of Istanbul as you explore the iconic landmarks scattered throughout the old city
● Visit the Roman Hippodrome, where the chariot races happened during the Roman and Byzantine eras
● See the marvelous Blue Mosque, known for the blue tiles that surround its gorgeous interior, before stopping by the historic Hagia Sophia
● Walk through the lively Grand Covered Bazaar and pick up a memorable souvenir for friends or family
Our Hagia Sophia highlights
One of the best ways to see a city is by walking, and Istanbul is a great place to do that! There is so much to see and do, and you never quite know what you will find. That being said, it is very hilly, so be prepared for a serious work out! The walk from Balat (where we were staying) to the Hagia Sophia was just under 5 km. As full-time travelers we are used to this kind of thing, so we were happy to walk, even though there are a wealth of transportation options that could have taken us there directly.
We walked through some pretty cool neighborhoods and enjoyed a great stop for lunch before finally making it to the Hagia Sophia. Honestly it may sound silly but we did not realize that the Blue Mosque is pretty much directly opposite, so that was a good bonus! We actually ended up going there first, before heading over to the Ayasofya.
It honestly feels like there is not much that can be said about this place that has not been said already. The moment we stepped inside it was like being transported to another world; not just back in time, but kind of like a different realm entirely. The energy here is so powerful, the visual stimulation, the history, the purpose. Not just a place of worship, this is a structure that has felt the life of billions walking through it over the last 1500 years. That is just incredible.
We have always been drawn to historical places and we both have a particular penchant for Roman architecture and history. Even though we knew the Hagia Sophia was super old, neither of us knew that its construction stretched back to the dawn of Christianity within the Roman Empire. It is actually quite hard to comprehend that this was a church for almost a thousand years, before being converted to its present form as a mosque.
That is perhaps the enduring allure of the Hagia Sophia, far beyond its purpose as a place of worship. It is the convergence of two mighty faiths, the centre point of conflict and conquest, the archaeological marvel of its amazing design and construction that has withstood mother nature herself, let alone world wars. This is a place which has drawn humanity for millennia, and will continue to wonder and amaze for another no doubt.
We are most grateful to have had the opportunity to visit, to experience and feel this place. Inside, standing beneath the earthquake-proof domes, littered with its ancient frescos, was one of those moments you just don't forget. Period! Whatever your faith, or even if you do not have one, the Hagia Sophia is a place that you cannot help but appreciate with marvel and allure. We implore you to visit!
Read on for more on the astonishing history of the Hagia Sophia, along with some interesting facts, tips and information to know before you go.
Every reason why the epic Dolmabahçe Palace of Beşiktaş, Istanbul, Turkey should be on your Bucket List of must see buildings of the world!
The incredible history of the Hagia Sophia
The history of the Hagia Sophia is a fascinating and complex journey through various civilizations, religions, and cultural shifts. The Hagia Sophia was commissioned by Emperor Justinian I of the Byzantine Empire and completed in 537 CE. It was built on the site of two previous churches that had been destroyed.
The Hagia Sophia was an architectural marvel of its time, featuring a massive dome that was a pioneering engineering achievement. Its design incorporated elements of both the Roman and Byzantine architectural styles.
In 1453, the Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Mehmed II, conquered Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) after a lengthy siege. The city fell, and the Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque. The Ottomans made several modifications to the Hagia Sophia to suit its new purpose as a mosque. Minarets were added, and Islamic features such as calligraphy and decorative elements were introduced. Some of the original Christian mosaics were covered or removed. From this point it remained unchanged in its primary use for almost 500 years.
In 1935, following the establishment of the modern Turkish Republic by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the Hagia Sophia was converted into a museum. This move was part of Atatürk's broader efforts to secularize Turkey and emphasize its historical and cultural heritage. During its time as a museum, restoration efforts were undertaken to preserve the Hagia Sophia's architectural and artistic treasures. Visitors from around the world were able to explore its interior and appreciate its historical significance.
In July 2020, a Turkish court ruled that the Hagia Sophia's museum status should be revoked, and it should be reconverted into a mosque. The Turkish government subsequently announced the reopening of the Hagia Sophia for Muslim prayers. The reconversion sparked debates both within Turkey and internationally, with concerns raised about the preservation of the Hagia Sophia's cultural and historical significance. The move also raised questions about the balance between religious and secular values.
Throughout its history, the Hagia Sophia has borne witness to significant geopolitical changes, religious transformations, and cultural exchanges. It remains an enduring symbol of Istanbul and a testament to the architectural and artistic achievements of multiple civilizations. The complex history of the Hagia Sophia reflects the intricate tapestry of human civilization, and it continues to captivate and inspire people from around the world.
Five interesting facts about the Hagia Sophia
⪢ Architectural Marvel: The Hagia Sophia's massive dome was a groundbreaking architectural achievement of its time. It was considered the largest dome in the world for nearly a thousand years. The dome's weight is distributed through a series of pendentives, which allow it to seemingly float above the space and create a breathtaking interior.
⪢ Mosaic Masterpieces: The interior of the Hagia Sophia was adorned with intricate mosaics depicting various religious scenes and figures. These mosaics showcased remarkable artistry and craftsmanship. Some mosaics were covered or removed when the building was converted into a mosque, but many have been preserved and restored.
⪢ Earthquake Survivor: The Hagia Sophia has withstood several earthquakes over its long history. One of the most significant earthquakes occurred in 989 CE, causing the original dome to collapse. It was rebuilt by Byzantine architects and engineers, demonstrating their resilience and skill in architectural restoration.
⪢ Influence on Architecture: The Hagia Sophia's architectural innovations had a profound influence on subsequent mosque design in the Islamic world. Its dome, use of pendentives, and grand scale inspired the development of Ottoman and other Islamic architectural styles. Many mosques built after the Hagia Sophia exhibit design elements reminiscent of this iconic structure.
⪢ Historic Chariot Racing: In the early Byzantine period, the Hagia Sophia played a role in the city's famous chariot races. The race course, known as the Hippodrome, was located near the Hagia Sophia. Emperors and spectators would often gather at the cathedral's balcony to watch the races, making it a center of social and cultural activity.
What are the entry requirements for the Hagia Sophia?
There are no entrance fees to the Hagia Sophia as it is a mosque now. However, you may give a donation if you wish.
In the past, the Hagia Sophia Museum had an entrance fee of 100 Turkish Liras. However, this fee was waived in 2020 after the Hagia Sophia was converted back into a mosque.
If you are interested in taking a guided tour of the Hagia Sophia, there are a number of companies that offer tours at a variety of price points.
Enjoy the best of Istanbul with Klook
Learn about the mosque’s storied history from a friendly and insightful tour guide! Choose from multiple start time options and enjoy the intimacy of a small group tour. Combine with the Blue Mosque, or enjoy a full tour of Istanbul's best highlights. Tap the a link below to find out more!
What are the Hagia Sophia opening times?
The Hagia Sophia is open to visitors from 9am to 10pm, 7 days a week. However, it is closed to visitors during prayer times:
Fajr (dawn prayer): 3:30 AM to 4:45 AM
Zuhr (noon prayer): 12:15 PM to 1:30 PM
Asr (afternoon prayer): 4:00 PM to 5:20 PM
Maghrib (sunset prayer): 6:50 PM to 8:10 PM
Isha (night prayer): 8:30 PM to 9:50 PM
On Fridays, the Hagia Sophia is closed to visitors from 10am to 2pm for the Friday prayer. Visitors can enter the Hagia Sophia after 2pm.
It is important to note that the Hagia Sophia can get very crowded, especially during peak tourist season. If you want to avoid the crowds, we recommend visiting early in the morning or late in the evening.
How to get to Hagia Sophia in Istanbul
To get to the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey, you have several transportation options depending on your starting point. The Hagia Sophia is located in the Sultanahmet district, which is a central and historically significant area of the city. Here are some common methods of transportation to reach the Hagia Sophia:
⪢ Walking
If you're staying in the Sultanahmet area or a nearby neighborhood, you might find it convenient to walk to the Hagia Sophia. It's a pedestrian-friendly area with many attractions in close proximity.
⪢ By Tour
Many guided city tours and hop-on-hop-off bus tours include stops at major attractions, including the Hagia Sophia. This can be a convenient way to explore multiple sites in one day.
⪢ By Bike or Scooter
If you're an adventurous traveler, you might consider renting a bike to explore Istanbul. There are bike lanes and paths in certain areas of the city.
⪢ By Tram
Istanbul's tram system is a convenient way to reach Sultanahmet. You can take the T1 line, which runs through major tourist areas. The closest tram stop to the Hagia Sophia is "Sultanahmet," and from there, it's a short walk to the monument.
⪢ By Ferry
If you're staying on the Asian side of Istanbul, you can take a ferry across the Bosporus to the European side and then use public transportation or walk to the Hagia Sophia.
⪢ By Metro
You can use the Marmaray metro line, which connects both the European and Asian sides of Istanbul. Get off at the "Sirkeci" station and walk to Sultanahmet.
⪢ By Taxi
Taxis and ride-sharing services like Uber are widely available in Istanbul. You can simply input "Hagia Sophia" as your destination and be dropped off at or near the site.
Address: Sultan Ahmet, Ayasofya Meydanı No:1, 34122 Fatih/İstanbul, Türkiye
Website: ayasofyacamii.gov.tr
Phone: +90 212 522 17 50
Tips for visiting the Hagia Sophia
⪢ Dress Modestly and Respect Local Customs: As a historic and religious site, the Hagia Sophia requires visitors to dress modestly and respectfully. Make sure your clothing covers your shoulders and knees. Women must cover their heads with a scarf or Hijab.
⪢ Cultural Sensitivity: Remember that the Hagia Sophia is a place of worship and cultural significance. Be respectful of those who are there for religious reasons and maintain a quiet and considerate demeanor.
⪢ Weather Considerations: Istanbul's weather can be variable, so it's advisable to check the weather forecast before your visit. Depending on the time of year, you might want to bring sunscreen, a hat, and sunglasses for sun protection, or an umbrella and a light jacket in case of rain or cooler temperatures.
⪢ Camera & Photography: Photography is typically allowed inside the Hagia Sophia, but there are restrictions on using flash. Be mindful of other visitors and avoid disrupting their experience while taking photos.
⪢ Explore the Surroundings: The Hagia Sophia is located in the Sultanahmet area of Istanbul, which is rich in historical and cultural attractions. Consider visiting nearby sites such as the Blue Mosque (Sultan Ahmed Mosque), Topkapi Palace, and the Basilica Cistern to make the most of your visit.
⪢ Crowds and Timing: The Hagia Sophia can get quite crowded, especially during peak tourist seasons. Arriving early in the day can help you beat the crowds and enjoy a more peaceful and relaxed visit.
Discover the Hagia Sophia on YouTube
In this we explore the legendary Hagia Sophia Mosque and the Blue Mosque of Istanbul. Along the way we see the streets of Istanbul and have some delicious traditional Turkish food for lunch, visit an epic Turkish delight shop and enjoy dinner with a spectacular view! We finish what was an absolutely epic day with a late night stroll through the food market in the streets of Istanbul!
Don't miss: Cafe Dora, the best cafe in Balat, Istanbul!
A beautiful café in Balat, Istanbul that is a must visit for an awesome friendly vibe, tea, coffee and excellent traditional Turkish food!
Our Hagia Sophia experience rating
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ 5/5
We have been to a fair few churches, cathedrals and mosques in our time traveling around the world. Regardless of religious beliefs or values, the importance and significance of these incredible buildings and places of worship cannot be undervalued. Of all that we have been to, the Hagia Sophia is by far the oldest, and one of the most impressive without doubt.
The incredible history and mind-blowing engineering of the Hagia Sophia is an experience that is just so unique. Sitting beneath the dome and soaking up the atmosphere in such an immense space was something that touched us deeply. We both have differing values in how we feel about the religious world, and the Hagia Sophia is a place where all of that comes together in a history crossing millennia (unbelievable in itself). The two major faiths of the world converge here at a point that has brought about centuries of war and conflict, and that now brings peace, tranquility and togetherness. That is the power of the Hagia Sophia; we felt it, and we are sure you will too.
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